R Language Definition
Table of Contents
Operators reference
- |
Minus, can be unary or binary |
+ |
Plus, can be unary or binary |
! |
Unary not |
~ |
Tilde, used for model formulae, can be either unary or binary |
? |
Help |
: |
Sequence, binary (in model formulae: interaction) |
* |
Multiplication, binary |
/ |
Division, binary |
^ |
Exponentiation, binary |
%x% |
Special binary operators, x can be replaced by any valid name |
%% |
Modulus, binary |
%/% |
Integer divide, binary |
%*% |
Matrix product, binary |
%o% |
Outer product, binary |
%x% |
Kronecker product, binary |
%in% |
Matching operator, binary (in model formulae: nesting) |
< |
Less than, binary |
> |
Greater than, binary |
== |
Equal to, binary |
>= |
Greater than or equal to, binary |
<= |
Less than or equal to, binary |
& |
And, binary, vectorized |
&& |
And, binary, not vectorized |
| |
Or, binary, vectorized |
|| |
Or, binary, not vectorized |
<- |
Left assignment, binary |
-> |
Right assignment, binary |
$ |
List subset, binary |
Quotes reference
[1] " " ":)" "a + b"
[1] "smile"
You can also create non-syntactic bindings using single and double quotes instead of backticks, but I don’t recommend it. The ability to use strings on the left hand side of the assignment arrow is a historical artifact, used before R supported backticks.
Assignment: <- and <<- reference
<-always creates a variable in the current environment.<<-never creates a variable in the current environment, but instead modifies an existing variable found by walking up the parent environments.- If
<<-doesn’t find an existing variable, it will create one in the global environment.
Access the value of last evaluated expression howto
- Use
.Last.value
[1] 10
[1] 10